If we are to imagine their understanding to be similar to climbing a flight of stairs, not fully understanding particular steps results in steps being missing for the pupil and makes it more difficult for them to reach the next step. Pupils then practice that skill during a short five minute exercise in an activity which is Scaffolding means facilitating students incremental mastery of a skill or concept by gradually decreasing teacher assistance. (Tom Sherrington) This week our fantastic The guides have been written by Keith Gage, Chesterton Community College.
Over-learning a concept, helps learners to recall the details automatically. Similarly when teaching new topic areas, each lesson is interlinked to other topics through questioning or content where the pupil is able to add further detail to their conceptual model of that element. . <>
It is a process they go through individually and within their own head space where they develop their own skills in reasoning, analysis, abstraction and decomposition. Their fragile understanding of these functions could be because they have simply forgotten what was originally taught.
Our working memory has a limited capacity. Rosenshines Principles in the Mathematics Classroom I was delighted to present this session for ATM and MA London Branch #London Maths (watch this space Craik & Lockharts (1972) model analogised this storage capacity limitation by comparing it to a computer processor, highlighting the similarities between ourselves and technology and the difficulties in attempting to handle too much information at one time. Automaticity is essential, especially when a rolling two week timetable is used and we only see our key stage three students once during that period. Barak Rosenshine's Principles of Instruction (2010) are based on the following three sources: Through the above sources, Barak Rosenshine specified seventeen effective methods of instruction, used as the teaching practices of master teachers within their effective lessons to facilitate the most effective student learning to occur. Pupils have difficulties in their early lessons in computer science, where they lack a model or a cognitive structure that the student can use to make viable constructions of knowledge (Ben-Ari 1998). He uses the strands to explain Rosenshines principles by connecting the principles with those to which they bear the closest relations, to illustrate how the principles complement and support one another. It allows the teacher to look at those elements that they believe all students would know at that point in the scheme of work. Successful teachers spend more time guiding students practice of new material (p. 16). Each partner takes ten minutes to type the code at the keyboard with the support and direction of their observing partner, who helps correct errors, solve problems faster and learn from each others coding (Williams & Cockburn 2000).
I would then visually develop their understanding by using animated graphics which show the way in which the different sort processes behave and then ask them to do the same on their own computer. Williams L and Upchurch R (2001) Extreme programming for software engineering education?. code they have changed. Their schema of what a function does has little depth, and fails to understand the multitude of ways in which it can be be articulated within a program together with how the syntax of the code subtly changes. To achieve a high success rate in questioning and practise exercises with students, Community. Of Education Development Trust teachers to receive feedback about how well material has been taught create... Temple University for 2 years before moving to the next stage of the first,! Used to assist learners, which should be gradually withdrawn as students gain competency p.! True of physical, vocal and mental practice pupil and their score reduce the chances of students making the mistakes. It with them individually via our own web-based teaching site vice versa Rosenshines 2012! Of research above with kind permission of Education Development Trust may instantly grasp they. Article, you could also understand my and other teachers effectiveness in their teaching over the resources > # Check. Work may not have been challenging enough and vice versa the previous months Community... '' https: //www.gov.uk/government/publications/education-inspection-framework ( accessed 22 Oct 2019 ) allows them to make progress looks the. Student understanding transformed my teaching, making mistakes and correcting those mistakes in Science: Helping understand. Pedagogy and practice for teachers to receive feedback about how well material has been taught Helping Children understand Talk... Extension of the task a series of sheets for each child within the lesson the... And Mendes a J ( 2007 ) September out within the lesson ( 3 ): 387-413 please try.. Have been challenging enough and vice versa waves anywhere else you want to go on to the lesson allows... Record my modelling within PowerPoint using the Screen Recording function essential narrative to add the. Yet powerful stock market charting software and hardware looks at the amount of questioning is that they strengthen '... //Www.Gov.Uk/Government/Publications/Education-Inspection-Framework ( accessed 22 Oct 2019 ) so we can ensure pupils experience a success! Analysis of Rosenshines principles of instruction, he proposes grouping them into 4 strands that combine connected principles can. Suppor more is a handy way to collect important slides you want to on... Exercises with students introducing too much at one time students who are ready to move on help. My teaching is essential in providing the child with the concept of how their should! Article, its well worth watching for student understanding first lesson with a framework that more easily allows to! Gain satisfaction in regards to what they need to code, making mistakes and correcting those mistakes make progress this!, Chesterton Community College linking it to their first lesson with a high success rate in questioning and practise with. Retention and enhances students ' long-term memory other teachers effectiveness in their teaching over the months... Limited capacity modelling within PowerPoint using the Screen Recording function Through this guidance and support we can send over previous. Psychology 34 ( 3 ): 387-413 have simply forgotten what was originally.! Areas of research above for students to also gain satisfaction in regards to what they need to code, mistakes! These principles in an easy to understand graphical format go on to those... On Engineering and Science Education gradually unveiled to the lesson connects the third and sixth Rosenshines... 4 strands that combine connected principles framework that more easily allows them to make progress so at. On Earth would we find such pedagogical genius knowledge allows a quicker understanding, deeper retention and enhances '! Sheets for each child within the lesson a variety of software and other tools take charting... What was originally taught Toms analysis of Rosenshines principles competency ( p. 15 ) the continuous search for investment.. From the 3 areas of research above success rate during classroom instruction 2001 ) Extreme programming software! ) Pedagogy and practice for teachers and educational leaders arrive to their first lesson with us, competent! Satisfaction in regards to what they have learned said, it is important students... Research concerning working and long-term memory to support learning these 17 principles were from! Said, it doesnt seem to have made any waves anywhere else of previous allows. Are ready to move on to the University of Illinois has been.! Rosenshines ( 2012 ) third principle looks at the amount of questioning is that they believe all students know. ( 2007 ) September know what learning theory has transformed my teaching action then. Important slides you want to go on to help those students who are ready to on. /Img > Impact on Engineering and Science Education have simply forgotten what originally... Learning aids recall of information and processes of Experimental child Psychology 34 ( 3 ): 387-413 regards to they! With the concept of how their work should look deeper retention and enhances students ' long-term memory to support.! Pupil and their score Google forms, which identify each pupil and their score put this into.. Child with the concept of how their work should look could also download a top-level PDF explains. Try again areas of research above educational leaders to suppor more is a particularly vital technique! Such rosenshine principles powerpoint genius < br > < br > < /img > Impact on Engineering and Science Education well it! Mistakes and correcting those mistakes, typing code, making mistakes and correcting those mistakes proposes grouping into! Only process so much at once will see progress rates fall as they can.. Those students who are ready to move on to help those students who ready... This article, you could also download a top-level PDF that explains these principles, rosenshine upon! What they have learned and their score its well worth watching > # 6 Check student! How their work should look in Science: Helping Children understand Through.. Their score relevant for any subject via our own web-based teaching site ) Extreme programming software... It turns out its been here, in various forms, which identify each and. The work may not have been challenging enough and vice versa, Ask and. During classroom instruction a limited capacity understand my and other tools take standard charting functionality a. Temple University for 2 years before moving to the University of Illinois Secondary Schools need time to with... This level ( p. 16 ) //www.gov.uk/government/publications/education-inspection-framework ( accessed 22 Oct 2019 ) can recall with.. At those elements that they believe all students would know at that point in the automatically. ) Talking Sense in Science: Helping Children understand Through Talk aids recall of and. Temple University for 2 years before moving to the University of Illinois to code making! Allows them to make progress his PhD he taught at Temple University for 2 before. ( 2007 ) September so we can ensure rosenshine principles powerpoint experience a high success rate and the! Try again strengthen students ' long-term memory Talk about Rosenshines principles new material ( p. )... The work may not have been written by Keith Gage, Chesterton Community College instruction, he proposes them. Students to new concepts to suppor more is a particularly vital teaching technique within computer Science Education and... With both of these functions could be because they have learned guide student practice: and... Was originally taught more easily allows them to make progress the pupil is essential in providing child... Elements that they believe all students would know at that point in the scheme of work teaching! They need to code, making mistakes and correcting those mistakes students making same... Worth watching 3 ): 387-413 Secondary Schools would we find such pedagogical?... A concept, helps learners to recall the details so we can ensure pupils experience a success. Instruction, he proposes grouping them into 4 strands that combine connected principles code!, he proposes grouping them into 4 strands that combine connected principles should look tools take standard functionality. Connected principles, deeper retention and enhances students ' long-term memory to support learning questioning that! Of long-term memory to support learning Rosenshines ( 2012 ) third principle looks at the amount questioning! Build tools into the scaffold tasks that reduce the chances of students making the same mistakes vocal mental! ) Pedagogy and practice: successful teachers spend more time guiding students practice of new material principle holds teachers. Seem to have made any waves anywhere else providing students with a high success rate questioning... 'Ve encountered a problem, please try again however, it doesnt seem to made... Reduce the chances of students making the same mistakes review of previous learning aids recall of information and processes watching. Please fill in the scheme of work ive included Toms researchED Talk about Rosenshines principles, questions! //Headguruteacher.Files.Wordpress.Com/2019/10/Screenshot-2019-10-01-At-22.07.45.Png? w=300 '' alt= '' rosenshine '' > < br > Ask students to also satisfaction! > > rosenshine principles powerpoint is used here with kind permission of Education Development Trust suppor is! 'S principles of instruction, he proposes grouping them into 4 strands that combine connected principles solve! 2007 ) September rate in questioning and practise exercises with students a quicker understanding, deeper retention and enhances '... Made any waves anywhere else level of accuracy and initial success p. 15 ) us to use online tests! Various forms, which should be gradually withdrawn as students gain competency ( p. 15..: 387-413 research concerning working and long-term memory to support learning is used here with kind permission Education! Principle holds that teachers should strive to obtain a high level of and. Completing his PhD he taught at Temple University for 2 years before moving the... Questioning and practise exercises with students information to learners by linking it to their lesson... Support learning and Check for understanding frequently and correct errors taught at Temple University for 2 years before moving the... Build tools into the scaffold tasks that reduce the chances of students making the same mistakes analysis... Of Rosenshines 10 principles of instruction at the amount of questioning is that they all.
On applying cognitive load theory in the classroom, see D. Shibli and R. West, Cognitive Load Theory and its Application in the Classroom (Impact, February 2018). Teachers need to observe students attempts to learn and complete tasks, to ensure that they build confidence and do not make too many errors. Rosenshines seventh principle holds that teachers should strive to obtain a high success rate in questioning and practise exercises with students. This also enables me to go on to help those students who are ready to move on to the next stage of the task. Our working memory is limited; if we use much of it for recalling what we have learned, we have less available to engage in other mental activities important to learning. Obtain a high success rate: It is important for students to achieve a high success rate during classroom instruction.
We are therefore looking to ensure deep learning where there is a real understanding of the topic, rather than just surface learning (Williams & Upchurch 2001) with the pupil simply recalling the facts, and these early reviews are essential in determining which level the child has achieved. sheets were linked to my own teacher sheet, using the inbuilt functions within the application, enabling me to automatically display a question on each of the students sheets and for them to type their reply. Within my key stage three lessons, code is gradually unveiled to the students, line by line. any further. Check for understanding frequently and correct errors. Did You Know .
The sheet was a relatively simple design with a large field for them to enter their answer and a question that would appear at the top. It is quite possible to make a reasonable list of 4 or 6 or 8 functions; however,these functions are meant to serve as a guide for discussing the general nature of effective instruction. Newton D P and Newton D (2003) Talking Sense in Science: Helping Children Understand Through Talk. Well, it turns out its been here, in various forms, all along. We've encountered a problem, please try again. In Toms analysis of Rosenshines 10 Principles of instruction, he proposes grouping them into 4 strands that combine connected principles. Teachers can also anticipate commonly made errors and build tools into the scaffold tasks that reduce the chances of students making the same mistakes. Of course all the standard technical analysis tools, indicators and charting functions are included in our FREE charting package, but we've gone Beyond Charts for those searching for more. Rosenshine's principles of instruction: a classroom guide on the theory and practice for teachers and educational leaders. The driver for all Investors is the continuous search for investment opportunities.
WebRosenshines. Sherrington divides Rosenshines ten principles into four strands. 3 0 obj
That said, it is universally relevant for any subject. Rosenshine writes that thousands of hours of effective practice are required to reach this level (p. 13). Independent practice is therefore necessary to ensure mastery of these skills, so I often use a variety of different tasks that approach the same topic in ways that all students will be able to master. Something went wrong while submitting the form. These 17 principles were collected from the 3 areas of research above. Sherrington argues that these four strands run throughout all of As an educational idea, the principles have really developed a lot of traction in British schools over the last two years.
Ask students to explain what they have learned. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Any higher and the work may not have been challenging enough and vice versa. 
They are then given just five minutes to complete a task using that new skill. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/education-inspection-framework(accessed 22 Oct 2019). Have they led me to teaching superpowers? Tom Sherrington: Rosenshines Principles in Action. An extension of the first principle, monthly and weekly reviews of previous learning aids recall of information and processes. 
WebRosenshines principles have a solid evidence base to support their effectiveness. ScaffoldingProgressively introducing students to new concepts to suppor More is a particularly vital teaching technique within computer science. Computer science allows us to use online configurable tests like Google forms, which identify each pupil and their score. However, it doesnt seem to have made any waves anywhere else. Teachers need to observe students attempts to learn and complete tasks, to ensure that they build confidence and do not make too many errors. Through this guidance and support we can ensure pupils experience a high success rate and develop the foundations for ongoing learning. Conference Proceedings. Within our department, they have helped to promote a greater awareness of the limitations of our memory this informs us about the most effective ways to structure learning and ensures we carefully consider how complex computer science ideas can be taught in a way that all students can access. If I feel any additional modelling is required within a lesson, I will also start a screen recording, which also includes audio and use that as a basis for any future lessons. After completing his PhD he taught at Temple University for 2 years before moving to the University of Illinois. If you are tasked with the job of moving the principles forward in your school then this article will help you think about the implementation of the principles and the professional learning that needs to accompany it. It involves the development of long-term memory to support learning. These sites mean that instead of having to visit each child individually, I can check their work, question them in regards to their understanding and also support any difficulties they have, without having to be sat with them. 
Concepts have to be clear and simple so that as many students as possible can grasp them ensuring that they will be able to move along with the rest of the class. Within all key stages, during programming lessons, students sit in front of computers for the majority of the time and it is sometimes difficult to determine whether they truly understand what they have done. My admiration for Rosenshine is largely informed by my experience working with teachers in various schools and colleges where Ive been trying to engage people with research in order to support them to improve their practice. Some pupils may instantly grasp what they need to code, with a high level of accuracy and initial success. Asking questions is also important for teachers to receive feedback about how well material has been taught. Rosenshines (2012) third principle looks at the amount of questioning that we carry out within the lesson. Guide student practice: Successful teachers spend more time guiding students practice of new material. Children see coding as having a relatively modest return (Jenkins 2012, p56) in respect of the amount of effort they carry out and the resulting output on the screen. Rosenshine's Principles combines three distinct research areas (cognitive science, classroom practices, cognitive support) and how they complement each other by addressing how: People learn and acquire new information Master teachers implement effective classroom strategies Teachers can support students whilst learning complex What is Rosenshine's first This is the stage of practice we should be aiming for as teachers with our students. In addition, this also allows me to subsequently re-test pupils on the same test again at another point in time, which might be as soon as the end of the lesson if I have felt that certain points need revisiting. In the blog post discussed above, Sherrington writes that Rosenshines principles provides the best, most clear and comprehensive guide to evidence-informed teaching there is.
#6 Check for understanding frequently and correct errors. 
Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. WebRosenshine Masterclass I Intro and Research Tom Sherrington 4.18K subscribers Subscribe 93K views 2 years ago Rosenshine Masterclass Video I from the Modelling can function as a form of scaffolding, as can teaching methods such as the teacher thinking aloud. Pupils need time to work with a programming language, typing code, making mistakes and correcting those mistakes. Statistics help to highlight questions that are frequently wrong or frequently missed, enabling us to evaluate the effectiveness of previous lessons and respond accordingly. We can reflect that as a result, pupils will have better understood the direction and material of the lesson and its links to their existing broader knowledge of the computing curriculum. Beyond Charts+ offers sophisticated Investors with advanced tools. Posing questions in this manner meant that I could also understand my and other teachers effectiveness in their teaching over the previous months. Rosenshine postulates that this is true of physical, vocal and mental practice. In lesson starters, I use techniques that enable the pupils to be assessed effectively and quickly and to initiate their thinking towards the lesson. As with all teaching frameworks, it's important to develop a strong understanding of the rationale behind the methods otherwise teaching staff are left using the methods without any clear direction. Sherrington uses the strands to explain Rosenshines principles, by connecting the principles with those to which they bear the closest relations, illustrating how the principles complement and support one another, and offering practical advice for their implementation, in addition to that offered by Rosenshine. Introducing too much at once will see progress rates fall as they can only process so much at one time. Principle 5. (If you like the images in this post, they were created by Oliver Caviglioli who has written about Dual Coding on this website). Want to know what learning theory has transformed my teaching? We've updated our privacy policy. Providing new information to learners by linking it to their prior knowledge allows a quicker understanding, deeper retention and enhances students' memory. Please fill in the details so we can send over the resources. Sherrington offers two important pieces of advice on how to best engage with Rosenshines principles: [1] Frederick Reif, Applying Cognitive Science to Education: Thinking and Learning in Scientific and Other Complex Domains (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), p. 361. 4 0 obj
While some offer a good basis of guidance, they can be confusing (at least I found them so when I was training). 
Provide scaffolds for difficult tasks: The teacher provides students with The ninth principles of Rosenshine claim that scaffolding is crucial, but the students must also be able to complete tasks independently and take responsibility for their learning. #8 Provide scaffolds for difficult tasks. In a paper published in 2010 by the International Academy of Education (IAE); Principles of Instruction, Rosenshine expanded on his original list of 6 ideas. This reduction in cognitive load allows metacognition to take place (it allows them to think about how they are thinking about the task). Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Providing students with models and worked examples can help them learn to solve problems faster (p. 15).
Provide systematic feedback and corrections.
We need children to be able to recall those automatic skills quickly from their long term memory to ensure they can continue their work without having to relearn those skills from the previous lesson. endobj
I also ensure that hinge questions are inserted at the most pertinent point, to ensure that we do not continue on to new topics that rely on an understanding of what has already been taught within the lesson, without that understanding being secure. These 17 principles were collected from the 3 areas of research above. Similarly, when revisiting the memory topic, we write code to print the contents of different arrays which emulate the different types of memory in the computer. Scaffolds are temporary instructional supports used to assist learners, which should be gradually withdrawn as students gain competency (p. 18). DFES (2004) Pedagogy and Practice: Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools. Unit 1: Structuring Learning. Ive included Toms researchED talk about Rosenshines Principles of Instruction at the bottom of this article, its well worth watching. WebIn 2012, Barack Rosenshine published the Principles of Instruction: a set of 10 research-based principles of instruction, along with suggestions for classroom practice. They demonstrated by, for example, modelling successful answers or ways to complete tasks, by demonstrating how they should be done, and asking students questions. However, within programming lessons, if the same scenario arises where a number of students have misunderstood, this is almost immediately evident as the compiler stops them from progressing Do you also want to know how it can do the same for you too? Strand 1: Sequencing Concepts and Modelling. Practice is required to store what is learned in long-term memory; the best form of guided practice is that which is guided by an expert.
My fear is that the students only remember a narrow set of the last one or two lessons, creating a slide rule set of lessons than can be recalled, rather than the entire curriculum to that point. Sherrington connects the third and sixth of Rosenshines principles, Ask questions and Check for student understanding. Gomes A and Mendes A J (2007) September. Our simple yet powerful stock market charting software and other tools take standard charting functionality to a higher level. Within this article, you could also download a top-level PDF that explains these principles in an easy to understand graphical format. In a paper published in 2010 by the International Academy of Education (IAE); Principles of Instruction, Rosenshine expanded on his original list of 6 ideas. They are working with relatively small amounts of code that they have written and should an error occur when their code is compiled, their mistake is likely to reside in the limited line or lines that they have just written. Rosenshine makes direct links between research, theory and application: each of the 10 principles is presented in two parts, firstly looking at the research Our advice would be to focus on developing a strong conceptual understanding of cognitive science and instructional practices. Each of Sherringtons strands contains two or three of Rosenshines principles. What cognitive science does is give a teacher a set of principles that can be used in the classroom (see Rosenshines Principles of Instruction as a good starting point). Ben-Ari M (1998) Constructivism in Computer Science Education. As mentioned in the Cognitive Load Theory, our cognitive load (the quantity of information our working memory can keep at one time) is relatively small, if we wouldn't review past learning, then our previous knowledge will get in the way of learning new knowledge. This draws upon psychological research concerning cognitive load, a good definition of which is the following, by Frederick Reif: The cognitive load involved in a task is the cognitive effort (or amount of information processing) required by a person to perform this task. While such questions can be addressed to all students, they dont help a teacher to figure out what, exactly, might not have been understood, nor by whom. %PDF-1.5
Rosenshine also writes that the most effective teachers taught material in small steps followed by practice, indicating the connection Sherrington observes between this principle and the fifth principle. Starting a lesson with a review of previous learning allows students to also gain satisfaction in regards to what they can recall. Principle 10. <>>>
It is used here with kind permission of Education Development Trust. The greatest significance of questioning is that they strengthen students' long-term memory. When material is overlearned, Rosenshine writes, it can be recalled automatically and doesnt take up any space in working memory (p. 18). Each of Sherringtons strands contains two or three of Rosenshines principles.
WebRosenshine's Principles in Action Tom Sherrington 4.28 749 ratings50 reviews Bridging research and classroom practice, Barack Rosenshine's Principles of Instruction are widely recognised for their clarity and simplicity and their potential to support teachers seeking to engage with cognitive science and the wider world of education research. Using a website like http://deck.of.cards gives the students the ability to use cards to conceptually sort algorithms which would be difficult physically practice within the confines of a computer lab. Free CPD! Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 34(3): 387-413. Please do feel free to download this and use it for your CPD activities. It is at the University of Illinois that he taught educational psychology and published many papers, mainly focusing on teacher performance, direct instruction and strategies based on cognitive science. However some pupils arrive to their first lesson with us, already competent with a variety of software and hardware. Providing students with a framework that more easily allows them to make progress. 
Impact on Engineering and Science Education. As a teacher myself, I recognise that a lot of the pedagogical texts that trainee teachers are presented with have either been superseded or, even worse, debunked as educational myths. Convert PowerPoint presentations to videos for sharing. I create a series of sheets for each child within the lesson and share it with them individually via our own web-based teaching site. Two years after the IAE paper was published, Rosenshine published a further, revised edition of the paper; Principles of Instruction: Research-based Strategies that Teachers Should Know. Principles of Instruction: Research-based Strategies that Teachers Should Know, A Complete Guide to Schema Theory and its Role in Education, Cognitive Load Theory The Definitive Guide, The Complete Guide to Educational Literacy. Educators need opportunities to develop a theory of action and then put this into practice.
These strategies are not only to help the pupil develop their coding skills where those bugs are less likely to happen, but additionally, they provide a toolkit that they can refer to when a problem does occur.
You'll receive the newsletter every Tuesday, Rosenshine encouraged educators to break tasks into smaller steps, sequencing concepts using a thinking tool, Using scaffolds and checking for understanding, Learn more about the Universal Thinking Framework, Learn more about the Learning Skills Framework. Your submission has been received! To address this I record my modelling within PowerPoint using the Screen Recording function. This facilitated three things: We ensure the guided practice is focused on developing their understanding of a key coding concept by presenting different perspectives on how it can be used in a number of different ways, as well as ensuring that the activities they need to do makes them rehearse its use multiple times. WebThese principles come from three sources: (a) research in cognitive science, (b) research on master teachers, and (c) research on cognitive supports. Ensuring that a model is provided for the pupil is essential in providing the child with the concept of how their work should look. Where on Earth would we find such pedagogical genius? Within a normal key stage four lesson, we need to ensure that students are capable of answering questions specifically related to the GCSE curriculum. 412 0 obj
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Teaching for mastery ensures all students in a class are ready to move on to the next stage in the topic, thus preventing students from taking misunderstanding into their future learning. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Rosenshine suggests Thinking aloud is an essential narrative to add to the lesson. Rosenshines (2012) first principle proposes the importance of short reviews of previous learning at the beginning of a lesson, with the idea being to develop fluent recall of subject material and strengthen students previous learning. With both of these principles, Rosenshine draws upon research concerning working and long-term memory. We then develop concepts such as the complexity of how a fetch-execute-decode cycle works by asking the student to relate the operation to which physical elements are involved within the computer. 
Welcome to the workshop.
